Pay disparities between female and male PhD holders in the United States exist across almost all fields of science and engineering, according to a report from the US National Science Foundation (NSF).

Gender gaps in grant success rates were significantly larger when there was an explicit review focus on the principal investigator.

Tougher editorial standards and/or biased referee assignment may force women to write better, and may also reduce their productivity.

Survey finds that women are more prone to recognizing honorary co-authors in papers, but less likely to pad citation lists.